The first popular web browser was a couple of years off, CD writers cost around $10,000, and scientific data and analysis were shared mainly by fax. Last eruption of Pinatubo The second-largest volcanic eruption of XXth century, and by far the largest eruption to affect a densely populated area, occurred at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991. Instrumentation was drawn principally from a permanent supply of specialized equipment kept ready for volcano crises under the auspices of the USGS Volcano Hazards Program and the joint USGS-USAID VDAP. However, on June 12 (Philippine
Independence Day), millions of cubic yards of gas-charged magma reached the
surface and exploded in the reawakening volcano's first spectacular
eruption. Public domain, Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), Mapping, Remote Sensing, and Geospatial Data, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, VDAP, the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, Benefits of Volcano Monitoring Far Outweigh Costs–The Case of Mount Pinatubo, FIRE and MUD: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Three days later, the volcano
exploded in the second-largest volcanic eruption on Earth in this century. Mt. Another eruption in 1992 again caused widespread devastation. For now, the volcano is quiet, and the U.S. transferred Clark Air Force Base to the Philippine government in November 1991. Every eruption was a world-shattering event. Timely forecasts of this eruption by scientists from the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and the U.S. Geological Survey
enabled people living near the volcano to evacuate to safer distances,
saving at least 5,000 lives. Much weaker but still spectacular eruptions of ash occurred occassionally
through early September 1991. 1. The willingness of base commanders, public officials and citizens to take the necessary precautions lessened the risk from this catastrophic eruption. Up to 800 people were killed and 100,000 became homeless following the Mount Pinatubo eruption, which climaxed with nine hours of eruption on June 15, 1991. Mount Pinatubo’s eruption on 15th June 1991 was one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century. Many more people were affected for much longer by rain-induced lahars than by the eruption itself. Pinatubo eruption compared to the 1980 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo eruption Philippine Daily Inquirer / 05:03 AM June 15, 2018 On June 15, 1991, Mt. In late May, the number of seismic events under the volcano fluctuated from day-to-day. Huge avalanches of searing hot ash, gas, and pumice fragments (pyroclastic
flows) roared down the flanks of Mount Pinatubo, filling once-deep valleys with
fresh volcanic deposits as much as 660 feet (200 meters) thick. Huge avalanches of searing hot ash, gas and pumice fragments, called pyroclastic flows, roared down the flanks of Pinatubo, filling once-deep valleys with fresh volcanic deposits as much as 660 feet (200 meters) thick. Roofs collapsed from the tremendous stresses of wet ash and continuing earthquakes. If the huge volcanic eruption were not enough, Typhoon Yunya moved ashore at the same time with rain and high winds. PHIVOLCS set up a seismograph and began monitoring earthquakes. President Duterte has declared June 15 this year as … The
eruption produced high-speed avalanches of hot ash and gas (pyroclastic
flows), giant mudflows (lahars), and a cloud of volcanic ash hundreds of
miles across. No matter which way one turned, everything looked the same shade of gray. Beginning June 6, a swarm of progressively shallower volcano-tectonic earthquakes accompanied by inflationary tilt (the “puffing up” of the volcano) on the upper east flank of the mountain, culminated in the extrusion of a small lava dome, and continuous low-level ash emission. Retrieved August 12, 2008. What would be different if the situation occurred today? Mount Pinatubo was an example of Plinian eruption Tools and expertise would no longer be confined to what was physically at the observatory, but instead a global support group would be available to aid the response. Nearly 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were injected into the stratosphere
in Pinatubo's 1991 eruptions, and dispersal of this gas cloud around the world
caused global temperatures to drop temporarily (1991 through 1993) by about 1°F
(0.5°C). From July to October 1992, a lava dome was built
in the new caldera as fresh magma rose from deep beneath Pinatubo. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Pinatubo roared like a hungry lion. 10 times the size of it. Commercial aircraft were warned about the hazard of the ash
cloud from the June 15 eruption, and most avoided it, but a number of jets
flying far to the west of the Philippines encountered ash and sustained about
$100 million in damage. From July to October 1992, a lava dome grew in the new caldera as fresh magma rose from deep beneath Pinatubo. Rain continued to create hazards over the next several years, as the volcanic deposits were remobilized into secondary mudflows. Magma burst into the sky and turned into ash clouds which reached the streets of … From June 12 to June 16, 1991, the volcano erupted four times, releasing … Both Clark Air Base and Subic Bay Naval Station were heavily damaged by ash from this eruption, the second largest terrestrial eruption of the twentieth century. Mount Pinatubo is located about 55 miles (90 km) northwest of Manila and rose to a height of about 4,800 feet (1,460 m) prior to its eruption. They moved to the back of a cinderblock structure to maybe provide a little more protection from hot gas and ash; there was nowhere else for them to go. They watched telemetry go down but then come back up – a sign that a pyroclastic flow was headed down valley and temporarily interfering with the radio links. Additional explosions occurred overnight and the morning of June 13. It left 100,000 people homeless, forced thousands to flee, and caused at … At least 17 commercial jets inadvertently flew through the drifting ash cloud, sustaining about $100 million in damage. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo was the second-largest volcanic cataclysm of the 20th century, second only to a 1912 eruption on the sparsely populated Alaskan Peninsula. When water from streams or
underground seepage comes in contact with these hot deposits, they explode and
spread fine ash downwind. On this fact page you will find facts about Mount Pinatubo as well as about its devastating eruption. I had read about it, seen videos and photos of the eruption and now, I was about to experience it for myself. With the ashfall came darkness and the sounds of lahars rumbling down the rivers. With air assistance from the U.S. military, the PHIVOLCS-VDAP team installed seven telemetered seismic sites, two telemetered tiltmeters to measure ground deformation, and used a COSPEC (correlation spectrometry) instrument to measure sulfur dioxide gases that would presage arrival of new magma deep in the volcano’s plumbing. Acacia trees lay in gray heaps, trees and shrubs were covered in ash. On June 15th 1991, the second largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century took place when Mt Pinatubo erupted at 1:42 pm local time. As in 1991 at Pinatubo, today the USGS is supported by The US Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide scientific assistance to countries around the world though VDAP, the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program. Mount Pinatubo, on … what was the relative size of the 1991 Mt. Several smaller lahars washed through Clark, flowing across the base in enormously powerful sheets, slamming into buildings and scattering cars as if they were toys. A huge cloud of volcanic ash and gas rises above Mount
Pinatubo, Philippines, on June 12, 1991. On June 15, millions of tons of sulfur dioxide were discharged into the atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the temperature worldwide over the next few years. Ash deposits from the eruption
have also been remobilized by monsoon and typhoon rains to form giant
mudflows of volcanic materials (lahars), which have caused more
destruction than the eruption itself (photo at right shows village buried
by lahars). First Successfully Mobilized Widespread Evacuations. Pinatubo is a stratovolcano in the Philippines. Evacuation: 48 hours before the first ash eruption. Military housing was located on the “Hill” closest to the volcano, with nearly 2,000 homes, elementary schools, a middle school, a new high school, a convenience store and restaurant. The Pinatubo eruption on 15 June 1991 was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. When even more highly gas charged magma reached Pinatubo's surface on June
15, the volcano exploded in a cataclysmic eruption that ejected more than 1
cubic mile (5 cubic kilometers) of material. Seismographs were set up and began monitoring the volcano for … The visual display of umbrella-shaped ash clouds convinced everyone that evacuations were the right thing to do. By the end of 1991, and into 1992, more than 23 USGS geologists, seismologists, hydrologists, and electronics and computer specialists had each spent between three and eight weeks at Pinatubo and helped PHIVOLCS advise community and national leaders and those at-risk and studying the volcano to better understand what causes giant eruptions and how to forecast them, whether in the U.S. or abroad. The largest eruption in the last two million years was about 74,000 years ago at Toba Volcano on the island of Sumatra. In mid-March 1991, villagers around Mt. A
blanket of volcanic ash (sand- and silt-size grains of volcanic minerals and
glass) and larger pumice lapilli (frothy pebbles) blanketed the countryside. The volcano – which straddles Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga – erupted on June 15, 1991. Everyone agreed that if there were an evacuation, people must be moved to an area where they would be safe—not statistically safe, but perfectly safe. After two months of emissions and small explosions, a series of major explosions began on June 12. The stratosphere is the layer of atmosphere extending from about 10 km to 50 km (6-30 miles) in altitude. Nearly every bridge within 18 miles (30 km) of Mount Pinatubo was destroyed. Taking the 4 x 4 drive along Crow Valley to make it to base camp was a very eerie experience. It erupted in circa 15,000 B.C., then in 7000 B.C., 3000 B.C., 300 B.C. In Manila, Dr. Raymundo Punongbayan, Director of PHIVOLCS, dispatched a team to investigate a fissure that opened on the north side of the volcano and was emitting steam and sulfur fumes. All efforts were focused on answering the questions — will Pinatubo erupt catastrophically, and when? night. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology last night raised Taal Volcano’s alert level to Alert Level 4, warning of a possible hazardous eruption. Fortunately, scientists from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology and the U.S. Geological Survey had forecast Pinatubo's 1991 climactic
eruption, resulting in the saving of at least 5,000 lives and at least $250
million in property. On July 16, 1990, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake (comparable in size to the great
1906 San Francisco, California, earthquake) struck about 60 miles (100
kilometers) northeast of Mount Pinatubo on the island of Luzon in the
Philippines, shaking and squeezing the Earth's crust beneath the volcano. The base has been repurposed as a trade and commercial center with large airport. Monitoring instruments have also improved greatly in performance while at the same time dropping in price and power consumption. Taal Volcano scares like Mount Pinatubo’s 1991 eruption Photo Courtesy of Photographer Alberto Garcia. When even more highly gas-charged magma reached Pinatubo's surface June 15, the volcano exploded. Rice paddies and sugar-cane
fields that have not been buried by lahars have recovered; those buried by
lahars will be out of use for years to come. Public domain, Damage to Clark Air Force Base airplane hangers collapsed under the weight of wet volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. Following Mount Pinatubo's cataclysmic June 15, 1991,
eruption, thousands of roofs collapsed under the weight of ash made wet by
heavy rains (see example in photo above). June 12, 1991, it erupted, resulting in the second-largest eruption of the 20 th century. was it night or day time when the last 30 people left clark air force base? The eruption removed so much magma and rock from beneath the volcano that the summit collapsed to form a small caldera 1.6 miles (2.5 km) across. Early June 10, in the face of a growing dome, increasing ash emission and worrisome seismicity, 15,000 nonessential personnel and dependents were evacuated by road from Clark to Subic Bay. It was finally a dream come true. The PHIVOLCS-VDAP team developed an alert system and distributed it to civil defense and local officials as a simple means to communicate changing volcanic risk. Mount Pinatubo's worst part of the eruptions was in between June 14-16. Pinatubo erupted violently, sending high-speed avalanches of … Humanitarian aid received due to the eruption is as follows: Pinatubo last erupted in 1993, 2 years after the massive 1991 eruption. the mt. • Mount Pinatubo is located in the Luzon island in the Philippines • The height of Mt Pinatubo is only 1760 meters • Mount Pinatubo also erupted about 450 – 500 years before On June 12 (Philippine Independence Day), the volcano’s first spectacular eruption sent an ash column 12 miles (19 km) into the air. There was no existing volcanic hazards map of the Pinatubo volcano, so one was quickly compiled by the PHIVOLCS-VDAP team to show areas most susceptible to ashflows, mudflows and ashfall. The diagram below shows that the three largest Yellowstone eruptions emitted much more material than the eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1980), Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines (1991), Krakatau in Indonesia (1883, incorrectly known as Krakatoa), and Tambora in Indonesia (1815).. Ten years ago today (June 15, 2001), Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted with a tremendous force, ejecting vast amounts of ash and gas high into the atmosphere; so high that the volcano’s plume penetrated into the stratosphere. These deposits still had temperatures as high as 900°F
(500°C) in 1996 and may retain heat for decades. It is estimated that ash was propelled more than 30 km into the air and pyroclastic flows (a current of hot gas and rocks) extend more than 10 km from the summit of Mount Pinatubo. Public domain, USGS scientists set up instrumentation to monitor Mount Pinatubo. Pinatubo 1991 Case Study, Volcanic Ash Impact & Mitigation, The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, USGS Fact Sheet 113-97, Benefits of Volcano Monitoring Far Outweigh Costs–The Case of Mount Pinatubo USGS Fact Sheet 115-97, FIRE and MUD: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, edited by Christopher G. Newhall and Raymundo S. Punongbayan, 1996, NOVA: In the Path of a Killer Volcano, TV program, The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior’s (IAVCEI) video for crisis education, USGS-USAID Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, Office of Communications and Publishing12201 Sunrise Valley DriveReston, VA 20192United StatesPhone: 703-648-4460, Seismographs at Mount Pinatubo Monitoring Observatory site at Clark Air Base, Philippines. The volcanologists at the Dau command post watched monitoring stations on Pinatubo fail, destroyed by the eruption. About 200,000
people who evacuated from the lowlands surrounding Pinatubo before and during
the eruptions have returned home but face continuing threats from lahars that
have already buried numerous towns and villages. The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. In March and April 1991, however, molten rock
(magma) rising toward the surface from more than 20 miles (32 kilometers)
beneath Pinatubo triggered small earthquakes and caused powerful steam
explosions that blasted three craters on the north flank of the volcano. Mount Pinatubo, volcano, western Luzon, Philippines, that erupted in 1991 (for the first time in 600 years) and caused widespread devastation. At the time, the population of Clark and nearby cities of Angeles, Sapangbato, Dau and Mabalacat numbered about 250,000. Prior to the eruption, Pinatubo was a little known volcano and it had been dormant for 400 years. Although much equipment was successfully protected,
structures on the two largest U.S. military bases in the Philippines--Clark Air
Base and Subic Bay Naval Station--were heavily damaged by ash from the volcano's
climactic eruption. The map was based on the maximum known extent of each type of deposit from past eruptions and was intended to be a worst-case scenario. Bursts of gas-charged magma exploded into umbrella ash clouds, hot flows of gas and ash descended the volcano’s flanks and lahars swept down valleys. Three days later, the volcano exploded in the second-largest volcanic eruption on Earth in this century. The June 15, 1991, explosive eruption of Mount Pinatubo,
Philippines, was the second largest volcanic eruption of this century and
by far the largest eruption to affect a densely populated area. The effect was to bring ashfall to not only those areas that expected it, but also many areas (including Manila and Subic Bay) that did not. pinatubo is located in the philippines. Satellite data measuring ground temperatures, gas emissions, and inflation or deflation of the volcano would be sent to PVO where it would be integrated with other data sources to develop forecasts and inform hazard mitigation efforts. Fine ash fell as far away as the Indian Ocean, and satellites tracked the ash cloud as it traveled several times around the globe. Seventy-nine years later, a seemingly calm volcano in the Philippines showed the same signs of chaos. The substantial eruption — the second largest of the 20th century — burned itself into memories and … Damage to bridges, irrigation-canal systems, roads, cropland and urban areas occurred in the wake of each significant rainfall. For successful natural hazard mitigation, it all comes down to the right combination of monitoring data and scientific skill, and then just as important, scientists and public officials who are effective at communicating with each other and with the public who may be in harm's way. On June 15, 1991, the largest land volcano eruption in living history shook the Philippine island of Luzon as Mount Pinatubo, a formerly unassuming lump of … The Clark Air Base sprawled over nearly 10,000 acres with its western end nestled in the lush, gently rolling foothills of the Zambales Mountains–only 9 miles (14 km) east of Mount Pinatubo. Public domain, World Airways DC10 airplane sitting on its tail because of the weight of wet volcanic ash. Several lowland towns were flooded or partially buried in mud. Mt. The ash cloud from this climactic
eruption rose 22 miles (35 kilometers) into the air. Public domain, USGS and PHIVOLCS scientists loading volcano monitoring gear into an Air Force helicopter. (USGS Fact Sheet 002-97), Benefits of Volcano Monitoring Far Outweigh Costs--The Case of Mount Pinatubo (USGS Fact Sheet 115-97), Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (USGS Fact Sheet 114-97), See
a list of other
volcano-related fact sheets published by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYREDUCING THE RISK FROM VOLCANO
HAZARDS, Learn more about volcanoes and the hazards they pose at the USGS
Volcano Hazards Program website, Benefits of Volcano Monitoring Far Outweigh Costs--The Case of Mount Pinatubo. Bursts of gas-charged magma exploded into umbrella ash clouds, hot flows of gas and ash descended the volcano’s flanks and lahars swept down valleys. The program and its partners respond to volcanic unrest, build monitoring infrastructure, assess hazards and vulnerability, and improve understanding of eruptive processes and forecasting to prevent natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions, from becoming human tragedies. Chris Newhall,
James W. Hendley II, and Peter H. Stauffer, Graphics
by Susan Mayfield and Sara Boore, Web design
and layout by Carolyn Donlin, COOPERATING
ORGANIZATIONS
Armed Forces of the Philippines
National Disaster Coordinating Council, Philippines
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
U.S. Agency for International Development
United States Air Force
United States Navy, What Are Volcano Hazards? At
Mount Pinatubo, this major earthquake caused a landslide, some local
earthquakes, and a short-lived increase in steam emissions from a preexisting
geothermal area, but otherwise the volcano seemed to be continuing its
500-year-old slumber undisturbed. ^ "Pinatubo Volcano". how long after the june 15th eruption did lahars/mudflows continue? Crow Valley is a totally barren wastela… A huge cloud of volcanic ash and gas rises above Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, on June 12, 1991. Public domain, U.S. Air Force helicopter dropping off USGS and PHIVOLCS scientists and gear to be installed on the flanks of Mount Pinatubo.Public domain, USGS volcano seismologist David Harlow conducts analysis of Mount Pinatubo seismicity. From June 7 to 12, the first magma reached the surface of Mount Pinatubo. By early June the sulfur dioxide emissions … Twenty-seven years ago this month, the calm in central Luzon, the largest and most populous island in the Philippines, turned to chaos. It was literally like being on the moon. Today, data received at PVO would be forwarded to colleagues in the U.S. and elsewhere for more sophisticated analysis with the results quickly transmitted back to PVO. It produced a column of ash and smoke about 19 miles high, with rocks and debris falling the same distance from the volcano. The two scientists began working on how to get the USGS-USAID Volcano Disaster Assistance Program team to the Philippines to help monitor Pinatubo. Public domain, The June 12 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, three days before the much larger eruption on June 15, 1991. Thousands of small earthquakes occurred beneath Pinatubo through April, May, and
early June, and many thousand tons of noxious sulfur dioxide gas were also
emitted by the volcano. U.S. and Filipino scientists worked with U.S. military commanders and Filipino public officials to put evacuation plans in place and carry them out 48 hours before the catastrophic eruption. Release Date: June 13, 2016 The world’s largest volcanic eruption to happen in the past 100 years was the June 15, 1991, eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Fine ash fell as far away as the Indian Ocean, and satellites tracked the ash
cloud several times around the globe. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines' Luzon Volcanic Arc was the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, behind only the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska.Eruptive activity began on April 2 as a series of phreatic explosions from a fissure that opened on the north side of Mount Pinatubo. There are no signs of wildlife, no birds, no mobile phone coverage, and no people aside from tourists and the odd native. The post-eruption landscape at Pinatubo was disorienting; familiar but at the same time, totally different. They nicknamed the place PVO—the Pinatubo Volcano Observatory. Public domain. At Pinatubo, the volcanic unrest began April 2, 1991, with a series of small steam explosions. Pinatubo began feeling earthquakes and after several explosions a Level 5 alert was issued indicating an eruption was in progress. There is no doubt that with the communication and monitoring tools available to us today, we would learn much more about the buildup to the eruptions and have more and better data to guide our decision-making. Most of the deaths (more than 840 people) and injuries from the eruption were from the collapse of roofs under wet heavy ash. The world’s largest volcanic eruption to happen in the past 100 years was the June 15, 1991, eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. On June 15, millions of tons of sulfur dioxide were discharged into the atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the temperature worldwide over the next few years. The Mt Pinatubo eruption in June 1991 decreased the tropical ozone column significantly, by 13–20 DU (Grant et al., 1992). The eruption
removed so much magma and rock from below the volcano that the summit collapsed
to form a large volcanic depression (caldera) 1.6 miles (2.5 kilometers)
across. Volcanic ash and pumice blanketed the countryside. Monitoring: 10 weeks before the eruption. Pinatubo is one of those volcanoes that erupt once every several thousand years. Pinatubo's last reported lahars were triggered by the heavy rainfalls of July 1995, when 30 x 10 6 m 3 of debris, deposited over a 12 km 2 area, forced mass evacuation of Porac and Bacalor (BGVN 20:07). Although its eruption on June 15, 1991 would go down in history as the second largest, its worldwide impact is one for the books. Trends in rate and character of seismicity, earthquake hypocenter locations, or other measured parameters were not conclusive in forecasting an eruption. (Photo above courtesy of Peter Baxter, University of
Cambridge. What went before: Mt. Many of these roof failures would not have occurred if there had been no typhoon. Pinatubo is a complex of lava domes located 100 km NW of Manila city, Luzon Island, Philippines. This was after volcanic activity escalated within hours last Sunday prompting the phreatic explosion. In a matter of days, Mt. Up to 800 people were killed and 100,000 became homeless following the Mount Pinatubo eruption, which climaxed with nine hours of the eruption on June 15, 1991. Dr. Punongbayan also called his friend, Dr. Chris Newhall, at the USGS. By then, almost all aircraft had been removed from Clark and local residents had evacuated. At lower altitudes, the ash
was blown in all directions by the intense cyclonic winds of a coincidentally
occurring typhoon, and winds at higher altitudes blew the ash southwestward. Three weeks later, Newhall, along with VDAP volcanologists Andy Lockhart, John Power, John Ewert, Rick Hoblitt and Dave Harlow, began unpacking 35 trunks of gear at temporary quarters on Clark Air Base. Stratospheric ozone is a well-studied greenhouse gas with a great public interest because it absorbs UV radiation and protects human health from harmful radiation. Nov. 27, 2012 CAPAS, PHILIPPINES — Hell’s mouth has become heavenly over the last 20 years. The ash cloud rose 28 miles (40 km) into the air. Even after more than 5 years, hazardous effects from the June 15,1991,
climactic eruption of Mount Pinatubo continue. Timely forecasts of this eruption by scientists from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and the U.S. Geological Survey enabled … St. Helens? Public domain. The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo sent lahars and pyroclastic flows down the mountain, wiping out bridges and other infrastructure downstream.Public domain, Damage from volcanic ash fall at Clark Air Force Base from the June 15, 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The thick, valley-filling
pyroclastic-flow deposits from the eruption insulated themselves and have kept
much of their heat. Consider that in 1991 there was no easy access to the internet, no connections to other data sets or scientists other than by telephone. Seismic activity during this period became intense. Senior base officials listened to daily briefings and put together plans to evacuate. Back in June 1991, Mount Pinatubo exploded, and considered as second-largest volcanic eruption on Earth in this century. At Pinatubo, the quick deployment of monitoring instruments and preparation of a volcanic hazards map by the PHIVOLCS and VDAP team helped to better understand the precursors of volcanic activity and provided the basis for accurate warnings of impending eruptions. A software program called RSAM (real-time seismic amplitude measurement), developed in 1985 to keep an eye on Mount St. Helens, helped scientists analyze seismic data to estimate the pent-up energy within Pinatubo that might indicate an imminent eruption. 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