Role Strain Definition. MCAT - prep.com, "The only prep you need"™, is run by RuveneCo Inc. - a leader in test prep materials. Nucleus, Compartmentalization, storage of genetic information, Inner and outer membrane structure (BIO, BCM), Lysosomes: membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes, Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes, Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins, Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion, Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides, General function in cell support and movement, Microfilaments: composition and role in cleavage and contractility, Microtubules: composition and role in support and transport, Composition and function of cilia and flagella, Centrioles, microtubule organizing centers, Major classifications of bacteria by shape, Lack of nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus, High degree of genetic adaptability, acquisition of antibiotic resistance, Existence of anaerobic and aerobic variants, Transformation: incorporation into bacterial genome of DNA fragments from external medium, Transposons (also present in eukaryotic cells), General structural characteristics (nucleic acid and protein, enveloped and nonenveloped), Structural aspects of typical bacteriophage, Size relative to bacteria and eukaryotic cells, Self-replicating biological units that must reproduce within specific host cell, Generalized phage and animal virus life cycles, Attachment to host, penetration of cell membrane or cell wall, and entry of viral genetic material, Use of host synthetic mechanism to replicate viral components, Self-assembly and release of new viral particles, Transduction: transfer of genetic material by viruses, Retrovirus life cycle: integration into host DNA, reverse transcriptase, HIV, Mitotic process: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, Nuclear membrane breakdown and reorganization, Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells, Reproductive sequence: fertilization; implantation; development; birth, Stages of early development (order and general features of each), Formation of primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm), Major structures arising out of primary germ layers, Environment–gene interaction in development, Existence of regenerative capacity in various species, High level control and integration of body systems, Adaptive capability to external influences, Organization of vertebrate nervous system, Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems: antagonistic control, Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits, Integration with endocrine system: feedback control, Dendrites: branched extensions of cell body, Synapse: site of impulse propagation between cells, Resting potential: electrochemical gradient, Excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers: summation, frequency of firing, Function of endocrine system: specific chemical control at cell, tissue, and organ level, Major endocrine glands: names, locations, products, Neuroendrocrinology ― relation between neurons and hormonal systems, Integration with nervous system: feedback control, Protection against disease: particulate matter, Diaphragm, rib cage, differential pressure, Thermoregulation: nasal and tracheal capillary beds; evaporation, panting, Particulate filtration: nasal hairs, mucus/cilia system in lungs, Functions: circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions and fluids, removal of metabolic waste, Four-chambered heart: structure and function, Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules, veins), Erythrocyte production and destruction; spleen, bone marrow, Carbon dioxide transport and level in blood, Transport of proteins and large glycerides, Production of lymphocytes involved in immune reactions, Innate (non-specific) vs. adaptive (specific) immunity, Recognition of self vs. non-self, autoimmune diseases, Saliva as lubrication and source of enzymes, Low pH, gastric juice, mucal protection against self-destruction, Production of digestive enzymes, site of digestion, Structural relationship of liver within gastrointestinal system, Role in blood glucose regulation, detoxification, Rectum: storage and elimination of waste, feces, Nervous control: the enteric nervous system, Storage and elimination: ureter, bladder, urethra, Osmoregulation: capillary reabsorption of H, Male and female reproductive structures and their functions, Differences between male and female structures, Structure of three basic muscle types: striated, smooth, cardiac, Muscle structure and control of contraction, Contractile velocity of different muscle types, Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation, Structural characteristics of striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle, Abundant mitochondria in red muscle cells: ATP source, Organization of contractile elements: actin and myosin filaments, crossbridges, sliding filament model, Sarcomeres: "I" and "A" bands, "M" and "Z" lines, "H" zone, Functions in homeostasis and osmoregulation, Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in surface capillaries, Protection against abrasion, disease organisms, Hormonal control: sweating, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction, Auditory processing (e.g., auditory pathways in the brain), Taste (e.g., taste buds/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals), Olfactory cells/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals, Structure and function of the peripheral nervous system, Structure and function of the central nervous system, Neuronal communication and its influence on behavior (PSY), Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior (PSY), Effects of the endocrine system on behavior, Interaction between heredity and environmental influences, Influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of behaviors, Genetically based behavioral variation in natural populations, Perceptual organization (e.g., depth, form, motion, constancy), Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive development, Biological factors that affect cognition (PSY, BIO), Heuristics and biases (e.g., overconfidence, belief perseverance), Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence, Types of consciousness-altering drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behavior, Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain, Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working, long-term), Semantic networks and spreading activation, The role of emotion in retrieving memories (PSY, BIO), Memory dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Korsakoff's syndrome), Memory construction and source monitoring, Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning, Theories of language development (e.g., learning, Nativist, Interactionist), Brain areas that control language and speech (PSY, BIO), Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological, behavioral), Universal emotions (i.e., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, and sadness), The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion (PSY, BIO), Brain regions involved in the generation and experience of emotions, Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of emotion), Different types of stressors (e.g., cataclysmic events, personal), Effects of stress on psychological functions, Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation, spirituality), Situational approach to explaining behavior, Biomedical vs. biopsychosocial approaches, Trauma‐ and stressor‐related disorders, Biological bases of nervous system disorders (PSY, BIO), Stem cell-based therapy to regenerate neurons in the central nervous system (BIO), Drives (e.g., negative feedback systems) (PSY, BIO), Theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior, Other theories (e.g., cognitive, need-based), Biological and sociocultural motivators that regulate behavior (e.g., hunger, sex drive, substance addiction), Components of attitudes (i.e., cognitive, affective, and behavioral), Processes by which behavior influences attitudes (e.g., foot-in-the door phenomenon, role-playing effects), Processes by which attitudes influence behavior, Agents of socialization (e.g., the family, mass media, peers, workplace), Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli, Processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, Types of reinforcement: positive, negative, primary, conditional, Reinforcement schedules: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval, The role of cognitive processes in associative learning, Biological processes that affect associative learning (e.g., biological predispositions, instinctive drift) (PSY, BIO), Biological processes that affect observational learning, Role of the brain in experiencing vicarious emotions, Applications of observational learning to explain individual behavior, Factors that affect attitude change (e.g., changing behavior, characteristics of the message and target, social factors), The role of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control in self-concept and self-identity (PSY), Different types of identities (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, class), Theories of identity development (e.g., gender, moral, psychosexual, social), Influence of social factors on identity formation, Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, looking-glass self, role-taking), Influence of groups (e.g., reference group), Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation, Attributional processes (e.g., fundamental attribution error, role of culture in attributions), How self-perceptions shape our perceptions of others, How perceptions of the environment shape our perceptions of others, Types of status (e.g., achieved, ascribed), Perspectives on bureaucracy (e.g., iron law of oligarchy, McDonaldization), The role of gender in the expression and detection of emotion, The role of culture in the expression and detection of emotion, Front stage vs. back stage self (Dramaturgical approach) (SOC), Animal signals and communication (PSY, BIO), Biological explanations of social behavior in animals (PSY, BIO), Individual vs. institutional discrimination (SOC), The relationship between prejudice and discrimination, How power, prestige, and class facilitate discrimination (SOC), Elements of culture (e.g., beliefs, language, rituals, symbols, values), Perspectives on deviance (e.g., differential association, labeling theory, strain theory), Aspects of collective behavior (e.g., fads, mass hysteria, riots), Educational segregation and stratification, Violence in the family (e.g., child abuse, elder abuse, spousal abuse) (SOC), Types of religious organizations (e.g., churches, sects, cults), Religion and social change (e.g., modernization, secularization, fundamentalism), Comparative economic and political systems, Theories of demographic change (i.e., Malthusian theory and demographic transition), Population growth and decline (e.g., population projections, population pyramids), Fertility and mortality rates (e.g., total, crude, age-specific), Factors contributing to globalization (e.g., communication technology, economic interdependence), Social changes in globalization (e.g., civil unrest, terrorism), Environmental justice (location and exposure to health risks), Class consciousness and false consciousness, Intersectionality (e.g., race, gender, age), Intergenerational and intragenerational mobility, Social exclusion (segregation and isolation). 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